Divining sermon analysis

Do evangelical churches preach about the dangers of empathy? (Not so much)

A new PRRI survey finds most white evangelicals agree empathy can become dangerous. But across 45,000 sermons we find that evangelical preachers barely mention empathy, and almost none criticize it.

The survey: an empathy gap

PRRI’s 2026 American Values Survey asked Americans to choose between two statements: empathy is a foundational moral value that helps build a healthy society, or empathy can become dangerous when it leads people away from building a society guided by God’s truth. Most Americans (68%) chose the first. White evangelical Protestants were the only religious group where a majority (54%) chose the second, and 39% agreed strongly, more than twice the national rate (17%). Only 30% of white evangelicals strongly agreed empathy is foundational, against 52% of all Americans. PRRI’s founder, Robert P. Jones, calls this an “empathy gap”.

PRRI Figure 36: Views on Empathy, by Religion. Percent who agree that empathy is a foundational moral value (Statement 1) or that empathy can become dangerous when it leads people away from building a society guided by God’s truth (Statement 2). White evangelical Protestants: 30% strongly and 12% not strongly agree with Statement 1; 15% not strongly and 39% strongly agree with Statement 2. All Americans: 52, 16, 10 and 17.
Note. Figure reproduced from PRRI: Figure 36, “Views on Empathy, by Religion,” in “America’s Deep Religious Divide Over Empathy” (PRRI, The Morning Buzz, Oct. 21, 2026). Data: PRRI American Values Survey (with the Brookings Institution), fielded online Aug. 20–Sept. 7, 2026, 5,539 adults, margin of error ±1.6 points. See also PRRI’s press release (Oct. 20, 2026). Survey design and figure © PRRI; Divining did not collect these data.

What sermons show

That may describe people who call themselves evangelicals. It does not describe what is preached in evangelical churches. We find no direct evidence that evangelical sermons spread the idea that empathy is dangerous. Evangelical churches mostly don’t talk about empathy at all, while progressive and mainline churches do.

12 / 1,000evangelical sermons use the word “empathy”: 13% of the rate they cite core texts (Baptist: 6%)
48 / 1,000progressive sermons use it, 589% of their control rate; mainline 24 / 1,000 (74%)
≈ 7 of 13,458evangelical sermons frame empathy negatively (“toxic empathy”, “compassion, not empathy”)
67 / 1,000evangelical sermons speak of compassion, the same rate as mainline sermons

Silence, not opposition. Evangelical preachers rarely say “empathy”. They also rarely talk about the Sermon on the Mount or “love your enemies”. When they reach for the idea, they say compassion, at the same rate as mainline preachers. Negative framing is close to zero in every tradition: between 0.5 and 2 sermons per 1,000. Where the debate over “toxic empathy” does come up, it is mostly progressive pulpits reporting and answering it.

So where does the belief come from? Probably not from the pulpit. It more likely comes from outside the churches, in circles that include many evangelicals: most plausibly political environments, such as commentary, media and campaign messaging, where warnings about “toxic empathy” circulate. A survey measures what people who identify as evangelical believe; sermons measure what their churches teach. Here the two diverge.

Limits: these are sermons that churches publish online and that Divining transcribes, cut to the sermon itself; phrases are found by pattern matching, so a preacher could argue the idea without the words we search for. Sermon silence also can’t rule out teaching in small groups, classes or conversation.

Bottom line: 54% of white evangelicals tell PRRI empathy can be dangerous, yet evangelical sermons almost never say so. The pulpit is quiet on empathy; the warning against it is coming from somewhere else.

How we measured

Sermons only: scripture readings, prayers and liturgy are cut out using each transcript’s detected sermon span. Every measure is compared with texts every tradition preaches (John 3:16, the Great Commission, Romans 8:28, Psalm 23): 100% means as many sermons use it as cite those texts. Higher is more often; the scale is logarithmic; themes run from the biggest difference between traditions (left) to the smallest. Critical = the preacher’s own negative framing (“toxic empathy”) or a swap (“compassion, not empathy”); debate = reports the argument without endorsing it. Hover a dot or bar for the counts.

By tradition

progressivemainlineblack churchevangelical
1%2.5%5%10%25%50%100%200%400%800%1600%3200%as often as the control textsprogressive: 589% of control · 47.9 per 1,000 sermonsmainline: 74% of control · 24.2 per 1,000 sermonsblack church: 15% of control · 14.3 per 1,000 sermonsevangelical: 13% of control · 12.2 per 1,000 sermonsThe word“empathy”progressive: 41% of control · 3.3 per 1,000 sermonsmainline: 2% of control · 0.8 per 1,000 sermonsblack church: 2% of control · 1.4 per 1,000 sermonsevangelical: 1% of control · 0.6 per 1,000 sermonsReports theempathy debateprogressive: 2828% of control · 230.2 per 1,000 sermonsmainline: 199% of control · 65.7 per 1,000 sermonsblack church: 102% of control · 94.9 per 1,000 sermonsevangelical: 72% of control · 66.7 per 1,000 sermonsCompassionprogressive: 356% of control · 29.0 per 1,000 sermonsmainline: 56% of control · 18.6 per 1,000 sermonsblack church: 20% of control · 18.5 per 1,000 sermonsevangelical: 16% of control · 15.1 per 1,000 sermonsSympathyprogressive: 145% of control · 11.8 per 1,000 sermonsmainline: 16% of control · 5.3 per 1,000 sermonsblack church: 14% of control · 12.8 per 1,000 sermonsevangelical: 9% of control · 8.7 per 1,000 sermonsFeeling-withphrasesprogressive: 10% of control · 0.8 per 1,000 sermonsmainline: 2% of control · 0.7 per 1,000 sermonsblack church: 2% of control · 2.1 per 1,000 sermonsevangelical: 1% of control · 0.5 per 1,000 sermonsCritical ofempathy(negative orswap)
Show the numbers
TraditionSermonsControl /1kThe word “empathy”Reports the empathy debateCompassionSympathyFeeling-with phrasesCritical of empathy (negative or swap)
progressive21,738847.9 · 4.8
589%
3.3 · 0.0
41%
230.2 · 43.2
2828%
29.0 · 1.5
356%
11.8 · 0.2
145%
0.8 · 0.0
10%
mainline8,8283324.2 · 2.7
74%
0.8 · 0.0
2%
65.7 · 9.1
199%
18.6 · 0.8
56%
5.3 · 0.0
16%
0.7 · 0.0
2%
black church1,4029314.3 · 2.1
15%
1.4 · 0.0
2%
94.9 · 19.3
102%
18.5 · 0.7
20%
12.8 · 0.7
14%
2.1 · 0.7
2%
evangelical13,4589312.2 · 1.5
13%
0.6 · 0.0
1%
66.7 · 12.9
72%
15.1 · 1.0
16%
8.7 · 0.3
9%
0.5 · 0.0
1%

Per cell: sermons mentioning it per 1,000 · sermons about it (3+ mentions) per 1,000; below, mentions as a share of mentions of the control texts.

By denomination

Denominations with enough sermons citing the control texts to compare (Baptist in gold). Dashed line = as often as the control texts.

The word “empathy”2.5%5%10%25%50%100%200%400%800%uu: 608% of control · 49.4 per 1,000 sermons · 20,900 sermons608uuucc: 160% of control · 31.4 per 1,000 sermons · 2,547 sermons160uccumc: 78% of control · 31.0 per 1,000 sermons · 3,226 sermons78umcchristian: 28% of control · 15.7 per 1,000 sermons · 6,997 sermons28christianlutheran: 16% of control · 10.1 per 1,000 sermons · 595 sermons16lutheraname: 15% of control · 14.3 per 1,000 sermons · 1,402 sermons15amebaptist: 6% of control · 8.3 per 1,000 sermons · 6,279 sermons6baptistepiscopal: 5% of control · 1.5 per 1,000 sermons · 1,996 sermons5episcopal
Reports the empathy debate1%2.5%5%10%25%50%100%uu: 42% of control · 3.4 per 1,000 sermons · 20,900 sermons42uuucc: 4% of control · 0.8 per 1,000 sermons · 2,547 sermons4uccumc: 3% of control · 1.2 per 1,000 sermons · 3,226 sermons3umclutheran: 3% of control · 1.7 per 1,000 sermons · 595 sermons3lutheranchristian: 2% of control · 1.0 per 1,000 sermons · 6,997 sermons2christianame: 2% of control · 1.4 per 1,000 sermons · 1,402 sermons2amebaptist: 0% of control · 0.2 per 1,000 sermons · 6,279 sermons0baptistepiscopal: 0% of control · 0.0 per 1,000 sermons · 1,996 sermons0episcopal
Compassion50%100%200%400%800%1600%3200%uu: 2888% of control · 234.9 per 1,000 sermons · 20,900 sermons2888uuucc: 310% of control · 60.9 per 1,000 sermons · 2,547 sermons310uccumc: 171% of control · 68.2 per 1,000 sermons · 3,226 sermons171umcepiscopal: 162% of control · 49.6 per 1,000 sermons · 1,996 sermons162episcopalchristian: 117% of control · 66.7 per 1,000 sermons · 6,997 sermons117christianlutheran: 108% of control · 67.2 per 1,000 sermons · 595 sermons108lutheraname: 102% of control · 94.9 per 1,000 sermons · 1,402 sermons102amebaptist: 50% of control · 66.6 per 1,000 sermons · 6,279 sermons50baptist
Sympathy5%10%25%50%100%200%400%uu: 369% of control · 30.0 per 1,000 sermons · 20,900 sermons369uuucc: 130% of control · 25.5 per 1,000 sermons · 2,547 sermons130ucclutheran: 51% of control · 31.9 per 1,000 sermons · 595 sermons51lutheranumc: 43% of control · 17.0 per 1,000 sermons · 3,226 sermons43umcchristian: 26% of control · 14.6 per 1,000 sermons · 6,997 sermons26christianame: 20% of control · 18.5 per 1,000 sermons · 1,402 sermons20amebaptist: 12% of control · 15.8 per 1,000 sermons · 6,279 sermons12baptistepiscopal: 10% of control · 3.0 per 1,000 sermons · 1,996 sermons10episcopal
Feeling-with phrases5%10%25%50%100%200%uu: 149% of control · 12.2 per 1,000 sermons · 20,900 sermons149uuucc: 30% of control · 5.9 per 1,000 sermons · 2,547 sermons30ucclutheran: 19% of control · 11.8 per 1,000 sermons · 595 sermons19lutheraname: 14% of control · 12.8 per 1,000 sermons · 1,402 sermons14amechristian: 13% of control · 7.3 per 1,000 sermons · 6,997 sermons13christianumc: 12% of control · 5.0 per 1,000 sermons · 3,226 sermons12umcbaptist: 8% of control · 10.5 per 1,000 sermons · 6,279 sermons8baptistepiscopal: 7% of control · 2.0 per 1,000 sermons · 1,996 sermons7episcopal
Critical of empathy (negative or swap)1%2.5%5%10%25%50%100%uu: 11% of control · 0.9 per 1,000 sermons · 20,900 sermons11uuumc: 4% of control · 1.5 per 1,000 sermons · 3,226 sermons4umcame: 2% of control · 2.1 per 1,000 sermons · 1,402 sermons2ameucc: 2% of control · 0.4 per 1,000 sermons · 2,547 sermons2uccchristian: 1% of control · 0.4 per 1,000 sermons · 6,997 sermons1christianbaptist: 0% of control · 0.6 per 1,000 sermons · 6,279 sermons0baptistepiscopal: 0% of control · 0.0 per 1,000 sermons · 1,996 sermons0episcopallutheran: 0% of control · 0.0 per 1,000 sermons · 595 sermons0lutheran
Show the numbers
DenominationSermonsControl /1kThe word “empathy”Reports the empathy debateCompassionSympathyFeeling-with phrasesCritical of empathy (negative or swap)
uu20,900849.4 · 5.0
608%
3.4 · 0.0
42%
234.9 · 44.3
2888%
30.0 · 1.6
369%
12.2 · 0.2
149%
0.9 · 0.0
11%
christian6,9975715.7 · 1.6
28%
1.0 · 0.0
2%
66.7 · 11.4
117%
14.6 · 0.7
26%
7.3 · 0.0
13%
0.4 · 0.0
1%
baptist6,2791338.3 · 1.4
6%
0.2 · 0.0
0%
66.6 · 15.0
50%
15.8 · 1.3
12%
10.5 · 0.6
8%
0.6 · 0.0
0%
umc3,2264031.0 · 2.8
78%
1.2 · 0.0
3%
68.2 · 10.8
171%
17.0 · 0.6
43%
5.0 · 0.0
12%
1.5 · 0.0
4%
ucc2,5472031.4 · 3.9
160%
0.8 · 0.0
4%
60.9 · 7.9
310%
25.5 · 1.2
130%
5.9 · 0.0
30%
0.4 · 0.0
2%
episcopal1,996311.5 · 0.5
5%
0.0 · 0.0
0%
49.6 · 2.0
162%
3.0 · 0.0
10%
2.0 · 0.0
7%
0.0 · 0.0
0%
ame1,4029314.3 · 2.1
15%
1.4 · 0.0
2%
94.9 · 19.3
102%
18.5 · 0.7
20%
12.8 · 0.7
14%
2.1 · 0.7
2%
lutheran5956210.1 · 1.7
16%
1.7 · 0.0
3%
67.2 · 16.8
108%
31.9 · 1.7
51%
11.8 · 0.0
19%
0.0 · 0.0
0%

Per cell: sermons mentioning it per 1,000 · sermons about it (3+ mentions) per 1,000; below, mentions as a share of mentions of the control texts.

Left out for too few control-text sermons to compare: unity, catholic, orthodox, jewish, presbyterian, mennonite.

Over time

The chart above, year by year: each point pools 3 years centred on that year, widened where a tradition has fewer than 30 sermons citing the control texts, so thin years don’t swing the line.

progressivemainlineblack churchevangelical
The word “empathy”1%2.5%5%10%25%50%100%200%400%800%1600%3200%201620182020202220242026progressive 2017: 382% of controlprogressive 2018: 382% of controlprogressive 2019: 368% of controlprogressive 2020: 384% of controlprogressive 2021: 513% of controlprogressive 2022: 542% of controlprogressive 2023: 609% of controlprogressive 2024: 735% of controlprogressive 2025: 960% of controlprogressive 2026: 960% of controlmainline 2018: 27% of controlmainline 2019: 27% of controlmainline 2020: 23% of controlmainline 2021: 22% of controlmainline 2022: 31% of controlmainline 2023: 75% of controlmainline 2024: 190% of controlmainline 2025: 117% of controlmainline 2026: 103% of controlblack church 2022: 18% of controlblack church 2023: 18% of controlblack church 2024: 21% of controlblack church 2025: 17% of controlblack church 2026: 17% of controlevangelical 2016: 13% of controlevangelical 2017: 13% of controlevangelical 2018: 19% of controlevangelical 2019: 24% of controlevangelical 2020: 9% of controlevangelical 2021: 6% of controlevangelical 2022: 5% of controlevangelical 2023: 7% of controlevangelical 2024: 22% of controlevangelical 2025: 21% of controlevangelical 2026: 22% of control
Reports the empathy debate1%2.5%5%10%25%50%100%200%400%800%1600%3200%201620182020202220242026progressive 2017: 35% of controlprogressive 2018: 35% of controlprogressive 2019: 32% of controlprogressive 2020: 34% of controlprogressive 2021: 40% of controlprogressive 2022: 41% of controlprogressive 2023: 40% of controlprogressive 2024: 51% of controlprogressive 2025: 46% of controlprogressive 2026: 46% of controlmainline 2021: 1% of controlmainline 2022: 1% of controlmainline 2023: 2% of controlmainline 2024: 5% of controlmainline 2025: 5% of controlmainline 2026: 4% of controlblack church 2025: 2% of controlblack church 2026: 2% of controlevangelical 2024: 1% of controlevangelical 2025: 2% of controlevangelical 2026: 2% of control
Compassion1%2.5%5%10%25%50%100%200%400%800%1600%3200%201620182020202220242026progressive 2017: 1910% of controlprogressive 2018: 1910% of controlprogressive 2019: 1774% of controlprogressive 2020: 1857% of controlprogressive 2021: 2684% of controlprogressive 2022: 2800% of controlprogressive 2023: 3061% of controlprogressive 2024: 3192% of controlprogressive 2025: 3957% of controlprogressive 2026: 3957% of controlmainline 2018: 96% of controlmainline 2019: 96% of controlmainline 2020: 92% of controlmainline 2021: 100% of controlmainline 2022: 102% of controlmainline 2023: 140% of controlmainline 2024: 226% of controlmainline 2025: 305% of controlmainline 2026: 316% of controlblack church 2022: 75% of controlblack church 2023: 75% of controlblack church 2024: 83% of controlblack church 2025: 109% of controlblack church 2026: 120% of controlevangelical 2016: 71% of controlevangelical 2017: 71% of controlevangelical 2018: 103% of controlevangelical 2019: 89% of controlevangelical 2020: 36% of controlevangelical 2021: 27% of controlevangelical 2022: 28% of controlevangelical 2023: 45% of controlevangelical 2024: 112% of controlevangelical 2025: 121% of controlevangelical 2026: 122% of control
Sympathy1%2.5%5%10%25%50%100%200%400%800%1600%3200%201620182020202220242026progressive 2017: 240% of controlprogressive 2018: 240% of controlprogressive 2019: 229% of controlprogressive 2020: 203% of controlprogressive 2021: 335% of controlprogressive 2022: 365% of controlprogressive 2023: 419% of controlprogressive 2024: 429% of controlprogressive 2025: 466% of controlprogressive 2026: 466% of controlmainline 2018: 13% of controlmainline 2019: 12% of controlmainline 2020: 10% of controlmainline 2021: 16% of controlmainline 2022: 22% of controlmainline 2023: 53% of controlmainline 2024: 123% of controlmainline 2025: 95% of controlmainline 2026: 88% of controlblack church 2022: 23% of controlblack church 2023: 23% of controlblack church 2024: 23% of controlblack church 2025: 21% of controlblack church 2026: 21% of controlevangelical 2016: 16% of controlevangelical 2017: 16% of controlevangelical 2018: 22% of controlevangelical 2019: 17% of controlevangelical 2020: 8% of controlevangelical 2021: 8% of controlevangelical 2022: 8% of controlevangelical 2023: 12% of controlevangelical 2024: 28% of controlevangelical 2025: 27% of controlevangelical 2026: 26% of control
Feeling-with phrases1%2.5%5%10%25%50%100%200%400%800%1600%3200%201620182020202220242026progressive 2017: 105% of controlprogressive 2018: 105% of controlprogressive 2019: 105% of controlprogressive 2020: 108% of controlprogressive 2021: 135% of controlprogressive 2022: 148% of controlprogressive 2023: 152% of controlprogressive 2024: 184% of controlprogressive 2025: 183% of controlprogressive 2026: 183% of controlmainline 2018: 4% of controlmainline 2019: 4% of controlmainline 2020: 4% of controlmainline 2021: 5% of controlmainline 2022: 5% of controlmainline 2023: 10% of controlmainline 2024: 28% of controlmainline 2025: 29% of controlmainline 2026: 29% of controlblack church 2022: 13% of controlblack church 2023: 13% of controlblack church 2024: 15% of controlblack church 2025: 16% of controlblack church 2026: 15% of controlevangelical 2016: 21% of controlevangelical 2017: 21% of controlevangelical 2018: 16% of controlevangelical 2019: 13% of controlevangelical 2020: 4% of controlevangelical 2021: 5% of controlevangelical 2022: 5% of controlevangelical 2023: 7% of controlevangelical 2024: 14% of controlevangelical 2025: 14% of controlevangelical 2026: 14% of control
Critical of empathy (negative or swap)1%2.5%5%10%25%50%100%200%400%800%1600%3200%201620182020202220242026progressive 2017: 2% of controlprogressive 2018: 2% of controlprogressive 2019: 3% of controlprogressive 2020: 2% of controlprogressive 2021: 5% of controlprogressive 2022: 9% of controlprogressive 2023: 11% of controlprogressive 2024: 18% of controlprogressive 2025: 23% of controlprogressive 2026: 23% of controlmainline 2024: 3% of controlmainline 2025: 5% of controlmainline 2026: 5% of controlblack church 2022: 3% of controlblack church 2023: 3% of controlblack church 2024: 4% of controlblack church 2025: 3% of controlblack church 2026: 3% of controlevangelical 2023: 0% of controlevangelical 2024: 1% of controlevangelical 2025: 1% of controlevangelical 2026: 1% of control

Matching is phrase based; stance is assigned per sentence by pattern matching. Read mentions.csv before quoting a number. empathy_analysis v0.3.1; survey context added Oct. 2026 (PRRI data and figure © PRRI, linked above).